Pronouns
Pronouns have
traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech,
although many modern theorists would not regard them as a single distinct word
class, because of the variety of functions performed by words which are classed
as pronouns. Common types include the personal pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative
pronouns, demonstrative
pronouns and indefinite pronouns.
·
The use of pronouns often involves anaphora, where the meaning of the pronoun is dependent on another
referential element. This applies particularly to the (third-person) personal
pronouns. The referent of the pronoun is often the same as that of a preceding
(or sometimes following) noun phrase, called the antecedent of the pronoun. For example, in the sentence That poor man looks as if he needs a
new coat, the antecedent of the pronoun he is the noun phrase that poor man. (Pronouns used without
antecedents are sometimes called unprecursed pronouns.) Another type of antecedent
is that found with relative pronouns, as in the
woman who looked at you, where the
woman is the antecedent of the
relative pronounwho. Personal
pronouns denote an entity
of a specific grammatical person: first person (as in the case of I, me, we,
etc.), second person (as in the case ofyou), or third person (he, she, they,
etc.)
·
Subject
pronouns are used when the
person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause. English
example: I like to eat chips, but she does
not.
·
Second person
formal and informal pronouns (T-V distinction). For example, vous and tu in
French. There is no distinction in modern English though Elizabethan English
marked the distinction with "thou" (singular informal) and
"you" (plural or singular formal).
·
Inclusive and exclusive "we"
pronouns indicate whether
the audience is included. There is no distinction in English.
·
Intensive
pronouns, also known as emphatic
pronouns, re-emphasize a noun or pronoun that has already been mentioned.
English uses the same forms as the reflexive pronouns; for example: I
did it myself (contrast reflexive use, I did it to
myself).
·
Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the
object of the sentence or clause. English example: John likes me but
not her.
·
Direct and
indirect object pronouns. English uses the same oblique form for both; for example: Mary
loves him (direct object); Mary senthim a
letter (indirect object).
·
Reflexive
pronouns are used when a
person or thing acts on itself. English example: John cut himself.
·
Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship. English example: They
do not like each other.
·
Prepositional pronouns come after a preposition. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Anna
and Maria looked at him.
·
Disjunctive pronouns are used in isolation or in certain other
special grammatical contexts. No distinct forms exist in English; for
example: Who does this belong to? Me.
·
Dummy pronouns are used when grammatical rules require a
noun (or pronoun), but none is semantically required. English example: It is
raining.
·
In a strict sense,
the possessive pronouns are only those that act syntactically as nouns. English example: Those clothes are mine.
·
Often, though, the term
"possessive pronoun" is also applied to the so-called possessive determiners (or possessive adjectives).
For example, in English: I lost my wallet. They
are not strictly speaking pronouns[citation needed] because they do not substitute for a noun or noun phrase,
and as such, some grammarians classify these terms in a separate lexical
category called determiners (they have a syntactic role close to that of adjectives, always qualifying a noun).
·
Demonstrative
pronouns distinguish the
particular objects or people that are referred to from other possible
candidates. English example: I'll take these.
·
Indefinite pronouns refer to general categories of people or things. English
example: Anyone can do that.
·
Distributive pronouns are used to refer to members of a group
separately rather than collectively. English example: To each his
own.
·
Negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of people or things. English
example: Nobody thinks that.
·
Relative
pronouns refer back to
people or things previously mentioned. English example: People who smoke
should quit now.
·
Indefinite relative pronouns have some of the properties of both relative pronouns and
indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of "referring back", but the
person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly named.
English example: I know what I like.
·
In many languages
(e.g., Czech, English, French, Interlingua, and Russian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns
are nearly identical. Compare English: Who is that?(interrogative)
to I know who that is. (relative).
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รูปประธาน
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รูปกรรม
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Possessive Form
|
Reflexive Pronoun
|
|
|
Adjective
|
Pronoun
|
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I
|
me
|
my
|
mine
|
myself
|
|
we
|
us
|
our
|
ours
|
ourselves
|
|
you
|
you
|
your
|
yours
|
yourself
|
|
he
|
him
|
his
|
his
|
himself
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|
she
|
her
|
her
|
hers
|
herself
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|
it
|
it
|
its
|
its
|
itself
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|
they
|
them
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their
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theirs
|
themselves
|
A. Complete the sentences using the right
pronoun in the brackets.
1. The nile is a river in Africa. __________( She, It ) is the longest river in
the world.
2. I hurt __________ ( oneself , myself )
while playing tennis yesterday.
3. Lewis Carroll was a writer. __________
(He , She) wrote Alice in Wonderland.
4. The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. __________
( He , It ) is the tallest building in paris.
5. At George’s birthday party, __________ (
his, their ) friends gifted __________
( him, them ) a
book.
6. Lynn is a shy girl. __________ ( She, It
) never talks about __________ ( herself, oneself )
7. Is this pen __________ ( yours, your )?
No, that is not
__________ ( myself, mine ).
8. When ill, __________ ( you, they ) must
take good care of __________ ( themselves, yourself).
9. Fred and Nick have had a quarrel. But
__________ ( he, they ) must sort it out between
__________ ( them,
themselves ).
10. The tourists asked the policeman where
__________ ( them, he ) could find a good restaurant.
11. The Merino sheep is famous for __________ (
their, its ) soft wool.
12. Harry asked Sam if __________ ( he, they )
could help __________ ( him, them ).
13. Gina found __________ ( her, herself )
very tired at the end of the day.
14. Walt Disney was a filmmaker __________ (
he, who ) created Mickey Mouse.
Key Answers
1. It
8. You ,yourself
2. Myself
9. They ,themselves
3. He 10. they
4. It
11. its
5. His
12. they
6. She, herself 13. her
7. Your
14. Who
A. Complete the sentences using demonstrative pronouns.
1. ………dish isn’t very good but………one tastes
very nice!
2. Loot at……… necklaces on………shelf.Aren’t
they lovely?
3. Do you like………fruits?I bought them just
for you
4. What is the answer to………questions?
5. ………cake looks delicious!Where did you buy
it from?
6. I like………shirt you are wearing.
B. Complete the
sentences using distributive pronouns.
1. ………Joseph or peter can show you the way.
2. ………answer is correct.
3. ………of you must sing a song.
4. ………of the solutions is right.Do thebsum
again.
5. Several people were invited
but………attended.
6. ………of them can complete the work today.
C. Complete the
sentences using relative pronouns.
1. I would like to live in a town………is clean
and noise-free.
2. I am reading a book………I borrowed from the
library.
3. The flowers………are growing in your garden
are very pretty.
4. Who is the man………spoke to you just now?
5. I have a friend………can perform magoc
tricks.
6. Do you remember the name of the
actress………won an an oacar this year?
7. This is the girl………had an accident.
8. Last week I saw a building………was really
old.
9. She likes curries………are really hot!
10. The book………you gave me is very interesting!
A.Underline the
pronoun and circle its antecedent in each sentence.
1. Sally was struggling with her homework.
2. Sally asked her brother mark to halp her.
3. Mark said he was busy.
4. Mark agreed to help sally after he
completed his work.
5. Sally could not complete her homework
before dinner.
Key answer
A.
1. That,this
2. Those,that
3. These
4. These
5. This
6. That
B.
1. Either
2. Neither
3. Each
4. None
5. None
6. No one
C.
1. That
2. Which
3. Which
4. That
5. Who
6. Who
7. Who
8. Which
9. that
10. which
A.
1. her
2. her,her
3. he
4. he,his
5. her
D. Combine the sentences using relative
pronouns.
1.
Joan is a lazy girl. She likes to sleep all the time.
_______________________________________________________________________
2.
My cousin lives in Singapors. It
is thousands of miles away.
_______________________________________________________________________
3.
The black car looks great. The
car is behind us.
_______________________________________________________________________
4.
The bird is flying over the trees. It must be an eagle.
_______________________________________________________________________
5.
My father is in the army. He will come home for the holidays.
_______________________________________________________________________
6.
This is the book. I was telling you about it.
_______________________________________________________________________
Key Answers
1. Jane is a lazy girl who likes to sleep
all the time.
2. My cousin lives in Singapore which is
thousands of miles away.
3. The black car looks great which is behind
us.
4. The bird is flying over the trees which
must be an eagle.
5. My father is in the army who will come
home for the holidays.
6. This is the book which I was telling you
about it.
B. Complete the
sentence by choosing the correct antecedent from the brackets.
1. Jane doesn’t
drive _________ (her,their) car to work often.
2. Every student
must submit __________(their,his) essay tomorrow.
3. Each person
reaps the fruit of __________(his,her) labour.
4. The leaves look
like___________(it,they) have beenburnt.
5. The tourists
can leave ____________(his,their) bags in the cloakroom.
Answer
1. Her
2. Their
3. His
4. They
5. their
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